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The eye is composed of numerous
amino acids, enzymes, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, each combining in different concentrations to yield its various components and to maintain normal function. It is therefore important to realize that factors which disturb
the balance of these constituents can lead to serious alterations in the function and/or structure of the eye.
A number of pathological conditions have been linked to decreases in vitamin and/or nutrient levels within the eye. Cataracts, or clouding of the lens, which mainly occurs in older individuals, is known to be initiated by oxidative factors, which may in turn lead to the generation of electron stealing compounds known as free-radicals. It is these newly generated by products of metabolism which directly and indirectly rob the crystalline lens of essential vitamins, minerals, and nutrients (vitamins C and E, zinc, and carotenoids) which are necessary to maintain lens clarity. Age itself seems to be a contributing factor since it is well established that levels of protective enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase all seem to diminish with increasing age.
In addition to cataract formation, older individuals often are diagnosed with a potentially sight-threatening
condition affecting the back of their eyes, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD). In this condition, the most vital portion of the retina (macular region), which governs our central vision, undergoes progressive functional,
morphological, physiological, and structural changes. The causative agents are theorized to be oxidative stress via light damage and/or a reduction in number or function of pigmented scavenger cells (RPE) responsible for
removal (phagocytosis) of metabolic debris from the photoreceptor layer of the retina. A reduction in cell numbers can cause a build-up of heat within the retina thus making it more susceptible to oxidative changes, which leads
to a reduction in protective nutrients, enhanced free-radical production, and lipofucin build-up, all of which are detrimental to normal retinal status.
Dry eyes are another common complaint associated with mature persons. The tears are composed of three basic layers (aqueous, lipid and mucin layers) each of which must be present in exact proportions to provide a smooth and comfortable ocular surface. All are rich in proteins, minerals and vitamins. However, as we all age, the relative contribution of each component changes in tear layer nutrients. As a result of these changes, many people report a scratchy or dry sensation in their eyes, or may even complain of fluctuating vision.
The most direct answer to these problems is to replenish or to help revitalize components
necessary to maintain optimal ocular functions and health. Specific amino acids, enzymes, minerals, and vitamins may be properly introduced via topical applications or dietary supplementations.